Clinical Laboratory

Question: Case study on Clinical Laboratory. Answer: The abnormal values identified after the chemistry test and hematology test were Amylase which after rechecking reported to be 265 IU/L, lipase 320 IU/L, ÉÂ £GT IN THE FIRST TEST SHOWED 335 IU/L, HDL was found 35 mg/dL, WBC count was slightly more 10.8 x 109/ L and ESR was found 40 mm/h (Banks et al., 2013). According to Banks et al. (2013), elevation in the level of amylase and lipase indicates inflammation of the pancreas which is commonly known as pancreatitis. The increase in the two enzymes is the cause of nausea, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain. The increase in the level of gamma glutamyltransferase indicates pancreatic disorders. According to the clinical report, the level of HDL is lower than the normal concentration present in an unaffected individual. HDL cholesterol is notably lower in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. The origin of pancreatitis in seventy percent of the cases is alcohol; twenty percent is considered idiopathic and ten percent for other reasons such as "Hyperparathyroidism, Cystic Fibrosis, etc. In the first stage of the pathogenesis, the enzyme trypsin gets activated which n turn activates several other pancreatic digestive enzymes such as lipase, amylase, etc. This digestive enzyme leads to self digestion of the pancreatic cells. In the last phase, this inflammation spreads to the other organs of the patient (Tenner et al., 2013). As stated by Tenner et al. (2013), the most common cause of acute pancreatitis is gallstone impacting the distal common bile-pancreatic duct. Another major cause of pancreatitis is excessive consumption of alcohol. Three other causes of pancreatitis are: Hereditary reasons Increase consumption of glycemic foods is linked with the elevated risk of non-gallstone acute pancreatitis. Consumption of anti-diabetic drugs such as "glucagon-like peptide one agonist" used by diabetes patient increases the chance of pancreatitis (Singh et al., 2013). The two enzymes that are critical in the diagnosis of pancreatitis are amylase and lipase. The optimum temperature at which amylase is active ranges between 32 to 37 degree centigrade and at 50 degree centigrade salivary amylase gets denatured. The optimum pH for amylase is 6.7. In terms of lipase, the optimum is 8.8.m temperature is 37 degree centigrade and optimum pH (Singh et al., 2013). The five other cause of amylase elevation are: Ectopic pregnancy. This occurs only in pregnant patients, thus different from pancreatitis. Salivary gland blockage. In this case, inflammation occurs in the parotid gland and pancreatitis occurs in the pancreatic gland. Pancreatic Pseudocysts. On performing CT scan presence of cyst is observed in patients with pancreatic pseudocysts but absence in pancreatitis patients. Pancreatitis involves abdominal pain whereas; mumps involve throat pain and swelling. Sputum evaluation in case of pneumonia indicates the presence of bacterial strain whereas in pancreatitis the result would be negative (Singh et al., 2013). WBC count according to the hematology is more which indicates that inflammation or infection (Yadav et al., 2013). An elevated amylase-creatinine clearance ratio has been established as being highly specific for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. This ratio is used to assess kidney function because the improper function can result in a slower rate of amylase clearance (Yadav et al., 2013). Severity and prognosis: Age 55 yrs WBC count 16,000 L BUN Ë‚ 5 mg According to Yadav et al. (2013), in this case, the patient is less than 55 years and WBC count is not too much and the BUN is within the normal range. Thus, the patient condition is not so serious (Hart et al., 2013). The four important complications are: Pancreatic necrosis which might occur due to interruption in blood supply Pseudocyst which might develop due to a collection of debris in cyst-like sacs. Systematic inflammatory response syndrome occurs due to the spread of the infection. Chronic pancreatitis occurs on repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis (Hart et al., 2013). The usual treatment involves medications for the pin, receiving of intravenous fluids to reduce dehydration, procedures used to remove the bile duct obstruction and surgery (Hart et al., 2013). References: Banks, P. A., Bollen, T. L., Dervenis, C., Gooszen, H. G., Johnson, C. D., Sarr, M. G., ... Vege, S. S. (2013). Classification of acute pancreatitis2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus.Gut,62(1), 102-111. De Leonibus, C., Lembo, C., Giliberti, P., Rojo, S., Foglia, M. C., Giordano, L., Fratta, A. (2012). [A case of neonatal lupus syndrome and congenital atrioventricular block associated with maternal antibodies antiRo/SS-A].Minerva pediatrica,64(2), 251-256. Hart, P. A., Kamisawa, T., Brugge, W. R., Chung, J. B., Culver, E. L., Czak, L., ... Kawa, S. (2013). Long-term outcomes of autoimmune pancreatitis: a multicentre, international analysis.Gut,62(12), 1771-1776. Heelan, K., Watson, R., Collins, S. M. (2013). Neonatal lupus syndrome associated with ribonucleoprotein antibodies.Pediatric dermatology,30(4), 416-423. Katsanos, K. H., Voulgari, P. V., Tsianos, E. V. (2012). Inflammatory bowel disease and lupus: a systematic review of the literature.Journal of Crohn's and Colitis,6(7), 735-742.

The Importance Of Being Earnest Essays - British Films,

The Importance Of Being Earnest The Importance of Being Earnest focuses on the elite, and while making fun of their absurdities and excesses, it also revels in their witty banter and rambunctious lives. Wilde was undoubtedly an astute social critic, but it is his wit that sets him apart. One of the ways Wilde's wit manifests itself is in puns. Running throughout the entire play is the double meaning behind the word earnest, which functions both as a male name and as an adjective describing seriousness. The plays twists and turns around this theme, its characters lying in order to be Ernest, and then discovering that because of a number of remarkable circumstances they had not in fact been lying at all. In claiming to be Ernest, both Algernon and Ernest had, unbeknownst to themselves, been earnest. In the figure of Lady Bracknell in particular, The Importance of Being Earnest lightly shows the limitations and unhappiness produced by such a way of life. The play mocks this earnestness; it is the characters who do not act earnestly who are rewarded with love, and who are proven not to have been acting dishonestly at all. With this, The Importance of Being Earnest makes a tentative further claim: that perhaps Algernon, Ernest, Cecily, and Gwendolyn have been the earnest ones all along; unwilling to act earnestly according to social status and convention, willing to lie to get what they want, and never completely able to escape their own delusions, they at least act honestly with themselves. Their earnestness is not one of telling the truth and fitting in, it is an earnestness of going after what they wanted. Theater

Ludwig van Beethoven essays

Ludwig van Beethoven essays The film Immortal Beloved shows us the life of Ludwig Van Beethoven one of the greatest or for some people the greatest composer of all times. The movie not only shows us his music but most importantly examines the man there was behind the music. He was a disabled man that protected himself from the not so understanding society of that time, with an edgy personality. The movie focuses on the letters Beethoven wrote. These letters that are still to this day a mystery to whom they were written for. Letters which had no name or address were written to a woman who he referred to as his Immortal beloved, from where the movie gets its name. Probably the biggest flaw the movie had was on making a wild guess to who had the letters be written for. In reality nobody really knows to whom the letters were intended for. But the film points out that Johanna Van Riess(Beethovens sister in law) was the Immortal beloved. Documents show us that there was a total of three letters written to somebody located at K. which most of the people think is Karlsbad although there are many other possibilities as Klosterneuberg and other towns in Czech Republic that can be associated with the letter K. The movie recreates the mysterious love life of the womanizer Ludwig Van Beethoven. As we all know, the film industry main purpose is to entertain its viewers. It would be impossible to recreate in a movie each and every woman that Beethoven was involved with during his life. It would probably be to lengthy to tell in a film. There is always research done when a movie that is based on real life is made, then history is adapted to make the product sellable and that is when fiction appears. Most likely the producer of this film picked these three women among the many that are revealed in history because he thought they were the most important in Beethovens life. And to give the story a surprising ending he picked Johanna Van Riess to be the heroin o ...

What Aquatic Insects Tell Us About Water Quality

What Aquatic Insects Tell Us About Water Quality The types of insects and other invertebrates living in the worlds lakes, rivers or oceans can tell us if that water source has very high or very little water pollutants. There are a number of ways that the scientific community and environmental agencies measure water quality, such as taking the temperature of the water, testing the pH and water clarity, measuring the level of dissolved oxygen, as well as determining the levels of nutrients and toxic substances. It seems looking at insect life in the water might be the easiest and perhaps most cost-effective method especially if the surveyor can tell the difference from one invertebrate to the next upon visual examination. It can eliminate the need for frequent, costly chemical tests. Bioindicators, which are sort of like a canary in a coalmine- are living organisms that indicate the quality of their environment by their presence or absence, according to Hannah Foster, postdoctoral researcher in bacteriology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The main reason to use bioindicators is that chemical analysis of water provides only a snapshot of the quality of a body of water. Importance of Water Quality Monitoring Adverse changes to the water quality of one stream can impact all the bodies of water it touches. When water quality degrades, changes to plant, insect and fish communities may occur and can affect the entire food chain. Through water quality monitoring, communities can assess the health of their streams and rivers over time. Once baseline data on the health of a stream is collected, subsequent monitoring can help identify when and where pollution incidents occur. Using Bioindicators for Water Sampling Doing a survey of bioindicators, or biological water quality monitoring involves collecting samples of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Aquatic macroinvertebrates live in water for at least part of their life cycle. Macroinvertebrates are organisms without backbones, which are visible to the eye without the aid of a microscope. Aquatic macroinvertebrates live on, under and around rocks and sediment on the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and streams. Aquatic macroinvertebrates include species of insects, worms, snails, mussels, leeches, and crayfish. For example, sampling macroinvertebrate life in a stream when monitoring water quality is useful because these organisms are easy to collect and identify, and tend to stay in one area unless environmental conditions change. Simply put, some macroinvertebrates are highly sensitive to pollution, while others tolerate it. Certain types of macroinvertebrates found thriving in a body of water can tell you if that water is clean or polluted. Highly Sensitive to Pollution When found in high numbers, macroinvertebrates like adult riffle beetles and gilled snails can serve as bioindicators of good water quality. These creatures are usually highly sensitive to pollution. These organisms tend to require highly dissolved oxygen levels. If these organisms were once abundant, but subsequent sampling shows a decline in numbers, it may indicate that a pollution incident occurred. Other organisms that are highly sensitive to pollution include: Mayflies (nymphs)Caddisflies (larvae)Stoneflies (nymphs)Water PenniesHellgrammites (dobsonfly larvae) Somewhat Tolerant of Pollution If there is an abundance of a certain type of macroinvertebrates, like clams, mussels,  crayfish, and sowbugs, that can indicate that the water is in fair to good condition. Other macroinvertebrates that are somewhat tolerant of pollutants include: Alderflies (larvae)Dragonflies and Damselflies (nymphs)Whirligig Beetles (larvae)Riffle Beetles (larvae)Fishflies (larvae)Scuds Pollution Tolerant Certain macroinvertebrates, like leeches and aquatic worms, thrive in poor quality water. An abundance of these organisms suggests environmental conditions in a body of water have deteriorated. Some of these invertebrates use snorkels to access oxygen at the waters surface  and are less dependent on dissolved oxygen to breathe. Other pollution-tolerant macroinvertebrates include: Black Flies (larvae)Midge Flies (larvae)Lunged Snails

The Nemo Dat Rule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Nemo Dat Rule - Essay Example All in all, the main purpose of any purchase is to have the transfer of the given good from the seller to the buyer (Akseli 2000, p.21). In accordance to the case of Rohit Kulkarni  v.  Manor Credit (Davenham) Ltd, we get to see the application of the sales in goods act and the hire purchase Act. In the case, Manor credit sold a Mercedes car to Gwent via hire purchase terms. When Dr. Kulkarni approached Gwent, it sold to the doctor the car. Later on, when Gwent failed to pay as per the hire purchase agreement, Manor decides to repossess the car. The doctor is then left without a car and no refund (Crosling 2000, p.83). Therefore, Dr. Kulkarni takes Manor Credit to court to have refund of his money. A lot of decisions come in place in this case to decide who the rightful winner of the case is (Clarke 2005, p.63). In addition, there have been several cases like this that have been in court and different ruling made leaving many to argue if nemo dat rule is an efficient law to be us ed in the legal system. From the above case, Dr. Kulkarni wanted refund for the car which he had bought from Gwent, but according to the law, Gwent was not the sole owner of that property (Bar 2011, p.63). Since sale of property involves the transfer of commodity from one owner to the other, since Gwent did not have the rightful papers to prove they were the owners of the car, Dr. Kulkarni is left disadvantaged. In accordance to hire purchase act, the owner of the given commodity can repossess the commodity when the buyer has not paid nine tenths of the price agreed upon hire purchase (Clarke 2005, p.54). This law proves unfair in this case since an individual would have already paid money worth more than even the cash price of a given commodity and the owner repossess (Hoffman 2006, p.161). Though the hire purchase act, advocates for that, its innocent victims who would have lost their money and time buying that commodity. Such a law should either be abolished or changed so as not to belittle the innocent ones in the society. Since the owner of a given commodity is the one regarded as the one who has the rightful details to be the owner, take for instance in the above case, the owner is Manor credit (Connolly 2000, p.67). The nemo dat rule is also a good rule when view from the business point of view. Imagine the business person had invested his money in dealing in the hire purchase business and may be having debts and loans to repay, for a given customer to default payment indicate that the given business will be the verge of making laws. Hence by the ninth tenth rule applying is a way of making businesses not to enter into situations that they make loses (Gillies 2000, p. 78). It is hence disadvantageous to the customer who had the product since he or she would not be compensated by the business person (Luisa 2003, p.73). Such a law should be changed so that in the event that the owner repossesses his or her product, then the customer should have way of not coming out of the agreement worse than he or she entered. Such a law is only disadvantageous to the business people and disadvantageous to the customers. The given business person can be able to repossess and resell the given commodity and still get his or her money while the customer succumbs his or her loses (Howells 2006, p.45). In continuing to analyze the Nema dat rule, the doctor in the above case may have been favored by the ruling that stated that he might have been repaid if the commodity in question was

Difference between Mac and PC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Difference between Mac and PC - Essay Example PC, however, was made more for businesses outside of artistic fields, with many people favoring the word processing programs that PC has to offer (Pegoraro, 2006). The other physical aspect is the designs - Macs have only a handful of designs, each based on which model you buy, while PC has dozens of different models and customization options. The real differences can be found within the different computer models. Within a Mac, every component, wire, and chip is manufactured from the same company ("What is", 2009). Within a PC, everything comes from a different company. Less problems are had with Mac, including a substantial lack of viruses, due to the fact that everything is created and programmed by the same people. If something goes wrong with any piece, it just needs to be sent and repaired by one company. With a PC, unfortunately, while the computer can be sent back to the computers brand name company, it will still need repaired by the proper company depending on the damaged component. Due to the fact that Mac is created by one company and PC is created by many, Mac has less software to offer, as it needs to be manufactured by their name company. PC can accept just about any software, given the fact that it is more versatile. This is perhaps one of the reasons why more people do prefer a PC, with the exception of those that are using Mac solely for artistic purposes. As aforementioned, one of the perks about Mac only being capable of using Mac/Apple products is that the computer has a less chance of contracting viruses. Even when it does obtain a virus, it causes less harm than it would to a PC (Pogue, 2005). Furthermore, there are very few programs that are dual-compatible, meaning they work on both systems. These programs are few and far between, and have proven to be damaging to whichever system it is being used on, especially if it had been on the other operating system prior to its second

The French Headscarf Affair Essay Example for Free

The French Headscarf Affair Essay The Headscarf affair which took place in France during the 1990s is a clear representation of the French refusal to revise their national identity. As the rate of post-colonial migration rose, so did the population of Muslims living in France. This rise of Muslim population spurred the start of the Headscarf affair which was used as a tool, against Muslims, to prevent the revision of the French national identity. The affair was justified by three main reasons, 1) to protect the idea of Secularism, 2) to achieve a â€Å"visible integration† and 3) to prevent the inevitable Islamic invasion of France. These three justifications, when considered in conjunction with each other, are able to show how the Headscarf affair in France is representative of a French refusal to revise their national identity and incorporate their new post-colonial migrants into their society. The French held high the ideology of Republic Universalism, a notion that aimed to decrease traces of difference between people, resulting in a national ‘sameness’. From this, the idea of Secularism was formed which aimed to provide a clear barrier between the State and religion. If the French could succeed in executing the idea of Secularism, they could separate the state from religious practices which would in turn remove any â€Å"religious divides that exist in society† which would lead to a religious sameness which in turn would add to the national identity of France and would prevent a revision of this identity. The Headscarf affair became the French government’s tool to the protection of Secularism in France. In 1989 the affair began when headmaster Ernest Cheniere refused to let three girls, each wearing an Islamic Headscarf into school ‘on the grounds that it would contravene with the principle of Secularism. The affair continued to gain momentum until in 1994 Francois Bayrou, the Minister for Education, put a ban on the wearing of any â€Å"Overt† religious symbols to school, with the aim of removing any religious divides and promoting equality and sameness. This rapid growth of the affair from the point of a refused entry to a ban on the Headscarf not only shows the French dislike towards the Muslim community but also indicates how the Headscarf affair, through the implementation of Secularism, represents the French refusal to revise their national identity. To the French it seems that appearance is more than reality when it comes to the idea of national identity. It can be argued that the French, with consideration to the post-colonial influx of Muslims, were only after a â€Å"visual integration†. It did not matter if the nation was actually unified and could be identified on a deeper more patriotic level; the focus was on the appearance of the nation. If the citizens of France appeared to have one identity, an identity that promoted the idea of sameness, as discussed earlier, then the national identity of the country was upheld. In order, however, for the French to retain this identity of visual integration and sameness, something had to be done about the Muslim women who were â€Å"emphasising religious differences† by wearing the headscarf. Action was taken against visual setbacks to national identity in 1994 when, as previously stated, Francois Bayrou placed ban on the wearing of all â€Å"overt and ostentatious† religious symbols. His justification was that the wearing of such symbols ‘separated students’ by causing visible â€Å"barriers to assimilation†, integration and unification. Clearly, the aim of Bayrou was to demolish any visible differences between the citizens of France and retain this visible unification that was deemed to be the French national identity. Ironically however, excluded from this ban were the Christian Crucifix and the Jewish Kippa, both being deemed â€Å"discreet. † Had Bayrou been consistent in his ban of visible and ‘overt’ religious symbols, his justification of the separation of children may have been plausible. With this ironic exclusion in mind we are now in a position to examine the real underlying factor as to why the Headscarf affair began in the first place and why the French used it to protect a potential revision of their National Identity. The primary and underlying factor contributing to the French Headscarf Affair during the 1990s is the French paranoia of the â€Å"phenomenon of Islamicization. † The French were convinced that with the mass influx of post-colonial Muslims, an Islamic invasion of France would come and with this invasion would come the rapid demise of the already established French national identity. As the wearing of the headscarf became more apparent on Islamic women in France, the French paranoia grew stronger with the Front National party going as far as proclaiming that the Muslims were â€Å"implanting themselves symbolically by the wearing of the headscarf. † In an attempt to protect their country from Islamic invasion and a potential revision of their national identity, the French implemented the ban on Islamic Headscarves and recruited support for this ban from the French community. The government used the media as their main source of recruitment; often portraying Muslim girls as tools used by the Islam’s to infiltrate France. Newspapers began to sprout exaggerated and bias headlines such as â€Å"Headscarves, the plot: how are Islamists infiltrating us† and articles declaring that â€Å"the fact that Muslim girls wished to wear a headscarf was a clear sign of Invasion. † With the support of the majority of the citizens in France, the French began executing the headscarf ban around the country in a desperate attempt to defend their nation from â€Å"the invasion by a troubling stranger and the fear of losing supremacy† and in turn prevent themselves from having to completely reconstruct their national identity. As we can see by examining the French Headscarf Affair and its three primary reasons of justification, the protection of Secularism, the achievement of â€Å"Visible Integration† and the prevention of an Islamic invasion, the Headscarf affair of the 1990s does in fact represent a French refusal to revise their national identity and incorporate their new post-colonial migrants into their society.